This file documents the DAHDI drivers for the Xorcom Channel Bank.
It is generally a more technical document than the Astribank User Manual
An HTML version of the latest version of this document could be found at http://docs.tzafrir.org.il/dahdi-tools/README.Astribank.html
1. Introduction
The Xorcom Astribank is a USB-connected channel-bank. An Astribank may have up to 4 modules:
- PRI
-
1, 2 or 4 ports of E1 or T1. Can only be the first (left-most) module of the Astribank. Note that each port has physically a pair of ports, where the top one has crossed wiring.
- BRI
-
2, 4 or 8 ports of BRI. Can only be used as the first (left-most) module of the Astribank.
- FXO
-
8 ports of FXO (connector to an analog PSTN line).
- FXS
-
8 ports of FXS (connector to an analog phone). If used as the first (left-most) module, it will also have 2 output lines and 4 input lines that will appear on DAHDI like standard DAHDI ports. The input and output ports are connected from the two RJ-45 connectors on the right side of the module.
There is also a 6FXS-2FXO module that is essentially an FXS module with six lines instead of 8 (but still with the input and output ports) and an FXO module of two ports.
2. Building and Installation
Apart from the standard DAHDI build requirements, you also need:
-
libusb development headers to build the Astribank firmware tools (astribank_tool, astribank_hexload, astribank_allow). This is typically the package libusb-dev on Debian (and derivatives like Ubuntu) or libusb-devel on RedHat (and derivatives like CentOS/Trixbox).
-
Echo Canceller Module firmware: If you have an Astribank with an echo canceller module, see the following section.
Follow the build instructions of DAHDI-linux and DAHDI-tools. But Basically, in dahdi-linux run:
make make install # as root
And later in dahdi-tools:
./configure make make install # as root
2.1. Echo Canceller Firmware
If you install from source, you should copy OCT6104E-256D.ima to the source tree (before running make install:
wget http://updates.xorcom.com/astribank/hwec/OCT6104E-256D.ima mv OCT6104E-256D.ima drivers/dahdi/xpp/firmwares/
Alternatively, if you have already installed DAHDI-linux (e.g. from a binary package that does not include the firmware) you can just copy it directly to the target directory, /usr/share/dahdi using:
cd /usr/share/dahdi wget http://updates.xorcom.com/astribank/hwec/OCT6104E-256D.ima
2.2. Installation Scenarios
Below are some commented sequences of commands that can be used at some common scenarios. Those scenarios begin only after you installed the software (dahdi-linux, dahdi-tools, asterisk, etc.).
2.2.1. New Installation Scenario
Installing Astribank on a system where there’s no existing Astribank. You install the driver when the Astribank was already connected:
# If you had the hardware already connected: Load just the USB firmware /usr/share/dahdi/xpp_fxloader usb # (you could use 'load' instead of 'usb' but this is also a good test # that automatic load through firmware is also in place) dahdi_hardware -v # wait until the Astribank has a product ID of 11x2 sleep 5 # Just wait a little bit dahdi_hardware -v # now that you see that all's well: /etc/init.d/dahdi start # generate configuration: dahdi_genconf # Apply it: dahdi_cfg # edit /etc/asterisk/chan_dahdi.conf to #include dahdi-channels.conf or # copy its content to the end of chan_dahdi.conf # # This stops existing DAHDI calls, if any, but does no other harm: asterisk -rx 'dahdi restart'
2.2.2. Upgrade Scenario
Upgrading is roughly the same as a new installation. But in many cases you begin with resetting the firmware.
I also assume here that the configuration is valid, and hence I don’t generate it.
# If you need to reset the firmware: /usr/share/dahdi/xpp_fxloader reset # (you could use 'load' instead of 'usb' but this is also a good test # that automatic load through firmware is also in place) dahdi_hardware -v # wait until the Astribank has a product ID of 11x2 sleep 5 # Just wait a little bit dahdi_hardware -v # now that you see that all's well: /etc/init.d/dahdi start # # This stops existing DAHDI calls, if any, but does no other harm: asterisk -rx 'dahdi restart'
3. Sample Configurations
We generally recommend to generate the configuration by using utility dahdi_genconf which are included with DAHDI. Nevertheless, the following can serve as reference configurations for a system where Astribank devices are used.
Also refer to the general README for documentation of the other DAHDI configuration files.
3.1. xpp.conf: Astribank Initialization
/etc/dahdi/xpp.conf is read by the initialization scripts of Astribank modules:
# /etc/dahdi/xpp.conf # # This file is used to configure the operation # of init_card_* initialization scripts. # # Adds many more tracing messages that are sent to syslog: #debug 1 # xpd_pri: E1 or T1. The default is E1 for all the ports. # Setting T1 instead: #pri_protocol T1 # # Or if you actually want to mix E1 and T1: #pri_protocol/xbus-00/xpd-02 T1 #pri_protocol/connector:usb-0000:00:1d.7-7/xpd-03 T1 #pri_protocol/label:usb:0000183/xpd-03 T1 # If several definitions can refer to a port, the last wins. # If none applies, the default of E1 holds. # FXO: country to adjust settings to: #opermode FRANCE # Don't run power calibration on the FXS units. This can save time # but can also get you unit randomly disconnect, if badly used: #fxs_skip_calib 1
3.2. xpp_order: Explicitly order Astribanks
(This feature is available as of DAHDI 2.2)
On a system with multiple Astribank you would normally want to guarantee that Astribanks are registered in the same order regardless of the order in which they are connected or detected. Assuming that you register them all at the same time. In order to do that, you should list the Astribanks explicitly under /etc/dahdi/xpp_order .
Astribanks that are listed there are registered first (according to the order of lines in the files). Astribanks not listed there are added last, and sorted by the USB connector string.
You can identify an Astribank in two ways:
- Label
-
each Astribank (except some really old ones) has a label . This identifies the actual Astribank box.
- Connector
-
Identify the path the Astribank is connected through. E.g.: to what USB port you connected it.
Identifying an Astribank by the label seems simpler and more predictable. Though it may have some slightly surprising effects if replace one Astribank with another.
The sample configuration file:
# # This is an optional configuration file for ordering # Dahdi registration. # # It is read from /etc/dahdi/xpp_order. This location # may be overriden via the environment variable XPPORDER_CONF # # Lines may contain: # - The Astribank label (verbatim) # - The Astribank connector string (prefixed with @) # Ordering number of each listed Astribank is determined # by its position in this file. # Astribanks not listed in this file, get an ordering # number of 99 (last). # # Astribanks with same ordering number are sorted by their # connectors (to preserve legacy behaviour). # # Examples: #usb:1234 #@usb-0000:06:02.2-2
In order to generate one that includes all the Astribanks in the system with the current order in which they are connected, use:
dahdi_genconf xpporder
For more technical details see the section [_registering_in_dahdi] below.
3.3. /etc/dahdi/system.conf
3.3.1. Astribank 8
fxoks=1-14
3.3.2. Astribank 6FXS/2FXO
fxoks=1-12 fxsks=13-14
3.3.3. Astribank 16: 8FXS/8FXO
fxoks=1-14 fxsks=15-22
3.3.4. Astribank 4 BRI
# Assumed ports settings: # Ports 1,3: TE # Ports 2,4: NT span=1,1,1,ccs,ami span=2,0,1,ccs,ami span=3,2,1,ccs,ami span=4,0,1,ccs,ami bchan=1-2,4-5,7-8,10-11 ; if you applied the bri_dchan patch: ;dchan=3,6,9,12 hardhdlc=3,6,9,12
3.3.5. Astribank 4 PRI E1
# Assumed ports settings: # Ports 1,3: TE (CPE) # Ports 2,4: NT (Net) span=1,1,1,ccs,hdb3,crc4 span=2,0,1,ccs,hdb3,crc4 span=3,2,1,ccs,hdb3,crc4 span=4,0,1,ccs,hdb3,crc4 bchan=1-15,17-30,31-45,47-60,61-75,77-90,91-105,107-120 dchan=16,46,76,106
3.3.6. Astribank 4 PRI T1
# Assumed ports settings: # Ports 1,3: TE (CPE) # Ports 2,4: NT (Net) span=1,1,1,esf,b8zs span=2,0,1,esf,b8zs span=3,2,1,esf,b8zs span=4,0,1,esf,b8zs bchan=1-23,25-47,49-71,73-95 dchan=24,48,72,96
3.4. /etc/asterisk/chan_dahdi.conf
3.4.1. Astribank 8
[channels] signalling=fxo_ks ; The real analog ports: context=from-internal echocancel=yes ; echocancelwhenbriged=yes ; echotraining=no channel => 1-8
; output ports: context=astbank-output channel => 9-10 ; input ports: immediate=yes context=astbank-input channel => 11-14 immediate=no
3.4.2. Astribank 6FXS/2FXO
[channels] signalling=fxo_ks ; The real analog ports: context=from-internal echocancel=yes ; echocancelwhenbriged=yes ; echotraining=no channel => 1-6
; output ports: context=astbank-output channel => 7-8 ; input ports: immediate=yes context=astbank-input channel => 9-12 immediate=no
; FXO ports signalling=fxs_ks context=from-pstn callerid=asreceived channel => 13-14
3.4.3. Astribank 16: 8FXS/8FXO
[channels] signalling=fxo_ks ; The real analog ports: context=from-internal echocancel=yes ; echocancelwhenbriged=yes ; echotraining=no channel => 1-8
; output ports: context=astbank-output channel => 9-10 ; input ports: immediate=yes context=astbank-input channel => 11-14 immediate=no
; FXO ports signalling=fxs_ks context=from-pstn callerid=asreceived channel => 15-22
3.4.4. Astribank 4 BRI
; Assumed ports settings: ; Ports 1,3: TE ; Ports 2,4: NT [channels] switchtype = euroisdn callerid = asreceived
; TE ports: signalling = bri_cpe_ptmp ;signalling = bri_cpe context = from-pstn group = 1,11 channel => 1,2
group = 1,13 channel => 7,8
; NT ports: signalling = bri_net_ptmp ;signalling = bri_net context = from-internal group = 2,12 channel => 4,5
group = 2,14 channel => 10,11
3.4.5. Astribank 4 PRI E1
; Assumed ports settings: ; Ports 1,3: TE ; Ports 2,4: NT [channels] switchtype = euroisdn callerid = asreceived
; TE ports: signalling = pri_cpe context = from-pstn group = 1,11 channel => 1-15,17-30
group = 1,13 channel => 61-75,77-90
; NT ports: signalling = pri_net ;signalling = pri_net context = from-internal group = 2,12 channel => 31-45,47-60
group = 2,14 channel => 91-105,107-120
3.4.6. Astribank 4 PRI T1
; Assumed ports settings: ; Ports 1,3: TE ; Ports 2,4: NT [channels] switchtype = national callerid = asreceived
; TE ports: signalling = pri_cpe context = from-pstn group = 1,11 channel => 1-23
group = 1,13 channel => 49-71
; NT ports: signalling = pri_cpe ;signalling = pri_net context = from-internal group = 2,12 channel => 25-47
group = 2,14 channel => 73-95
3.5. /etc/asterisk/extensions.conf
Sample dialplan (extensions.conf) for all the above:
[phones-dahdi] ; With Asterisk 1.4 you will may need to use here 'Zap' instead of ; DAHDI. See Zaptel-to-DAHDI.txt . ; ; 6001 will dial to channel 1, 6020, to DAHDI channel 20, etc. exten => _6XXX,1,Dial(DAHDI/${EXTEN:1}) ; Useful for debugging trunks. Will potentially allow users to ; bypass context limitations. ;exten => _6XXX.,1,Dial(DAHDI/${EXTEN:1:3}/${EXTEN:4}) [trunk] ; A number that begins with 9: dial it through a trunk ; (we put FXO channels and TE channels in group 0). ; The leading 9 is stripped. exten => _9.,1,Dial(DAHDI/g0/${EXTEN:1}) ; dialing a number that begins with 83 will dial it through ; span 3, and so forth. The two leading digits are stripped. ; (Each digital span is also added to group 10+span number). exten => _8X.,1,Dial(DAHDI/g1${EXTEN:1:1}/${EXTEN:2}) [from-internal] ; The context of FXS ports: analog phones. ; They are allowed to dial to all other phones include => phones-dahdi ; They are also allowed to call through the trunk: include => trunk ; some simple tests: include => astbank-test [from-pstn] ; Calls from the PSTN enter here. Redirect calls to an IVR ; or a default extension in the s context here. In this case we ; redirect calls to DAHDI channel 1: exten => s,1,Dial(DAHDI/1) ; Alternatively, the following will redirect you to the demo IVR ; from the sample extensions.conf of Asterisk: include => demo ; An extra context with some simple tests [astbank-test] ; 200: echo test exten => 200,1,Answer exten => 200,n,Wait(1) exten => 200,n,Echo() exten => 200,n,Hangup ; 203: say extension number. Will only work if caller ID ; is properly set in chan_dahdi.conf / dahdi-channels.conf exten => 203,1,Answer exten => 203,n,Wait(1) exten => 203,n,SayNumber(${CALLERID(num)}) exten => 203,n,Hangup [astbank-input] exten => s,1,Set(DAHDI_CHAN=${CUT(CHANNEL,-,1)}) exten => s,n,Set(DAHDI_CHAN=${CUT(DAHDI_CHAN,/,2)}) ; 11 is the number of the first input port. At least in the sample ; configuration below. ;exten => s,n,Set(INPUT_NUM=$[${DAHDI_CHAN}-11)]) ; The sample below just logs the signal. exten => s,n,NoOp(Got signal from DAHDI Channel ${DAHDI_CHAN}) ; Alternatively: ;exten => s,n,System(run something) ; No. We did not forget the context astbank-outputs. Output ; ports only get calls from the PBX. Thus they don't need a context ; of their own. Sending them to a context of their on makes ; 'dahdi show channels' in the CLI provide useful display, though.
4. Troubleshooting
The following commands provide useful information for debugging:
4.1. lsusb Test
Check USB level status. You can use one of the following utilities for it:
dahdi_hardware -v or lsusb | grep e4e4
-
Look for the USB Product ID (the second number after e4e4).
-
If you see 11x2 (e.g: 1152)- the FPGA firmware has been loaded. Move on. dahdi_hardware will also show you some more details if the driver is loaded while the lsusb will just list the device.
-
If it shows something as product ID 11x0 - the USB firmware is not loaded. Maybe you need to run fxload. Or maybe just unplug and plug again the device. Also make sure that you have fxload installed.
-
If lsusb shows the Product ID as 11x1 - only the USB firmware is loaded and not the FPGA firmware is loaded. If this is still the case after a while - either the firmware loading has failed or you don’t have astribank_hexload/astribank_tool. Make sure you have libusb-dev(el) installed when building DAHDI. After you have installed it, you may need to re-run ./configure .
-
It should list all of your Astribank devices. If it doesn’t (for more than period of time needed for the initial firmware loading) - Check that the Astribank is connected indeed.
4.2. DAHDI Registration
Check if the Astribank spans are registered with DAHDI:
dahdi_registration
-
This should give useful results after the drivers have identified and your devices are initialized.
-
It should list all Astribank XPDs. For each of them it should write "on" or "off". If the registration status is "off", then it means that the span has not been registered in DAHDI and therefore can not be used yet.
-
Registration is normally done as part of /etc/init.d/dahdi start. If you want to register the spans manually, then run command: dahdi_registration on .
4.3. DAHDI Level Information
You can get some information regarding DAHDI channels by running one of the following commands:
lsdahdi or cat /proc/dahdi/*
-
Those two are almost the same. The lsdahdi produced more correctly sorted output if you have more than 10 spans, and also make the output listing looks a little bit nicer.
-
You can see if your DAHDI spans and channels were loaded, if they were configured by dahdi_cfg and if they are in use (typically by Asterisk). For example: Not configured Astribank FXS channel will be displayed as:
42 FXS
-
When dahdi_cfg has applied the configuration of the channel (from /etc/dahdi/system.conf), you will see an extra column for the signalling type of the channel. The same channel after it has been configured:
42 FXS FXOKS
-
If a program (which is typically Asterisk) uses it, you’ll see:
42 FXS FXOKS (In use)
4.4. Asterisk Level Information
asterisk -rx 'dahdi show channels'
-
If you get error "Unable to connect to remote asterisk" then it means that the Asterisk is not running. It is possible that Asterisk has failed to start due to misconfigured chan_dahdi.conf or whatever reason. Check /var/log/asterisk/messages or /var/log/asterisk/full .
-
If you get the error that "there is no such command" then it means that chan_dahdi.so is not loaded. There are two reasons for such problem:
-
chan_dahdi.so is not even built. Check if the file exists:
ls -l /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/chan_dahdi.so
-
the chan_dahdi.so file exists but it is not loaded. Try to load it manually:
asterisk -rx 'module load chan_dahdi.so'
-
In some cases chan_dahdi failed to load properly and needs to be unloaded before re-loading:
asterisk -rx 'module unload chan_dahdi.so' asterisk -rx 'module load chan_dahdi.so'
-
-
You see "pseudo" channel only. It means that you have not configured any channels. If you have configured channels in chan_dahdi.conf, you may need either to restart the Asterisk or unload/load chan_dahdi.so manually. You can use the following Asterisk CLI commands for it: unload chan_dahdi.so and load chan_dahdi.so
4.5. Known Issues
4.5.1. Empty /proc dir
-
Error message:
"ERR-xpd_fxo: XBUS-00/XPD-00: Failed initializing registers (-22)"
-
Likewise for all XPDs.
-
The directory /proc/xpp exists but is empty (not even the files xbuses and sync).
The driver failed to recreate the procfs directory /proc/xpp and hence everything under it. This is because it has already existed. And it existed because a process still uses it. This is typically because you have a shell whose working directory is /proc/xpp or somewhere under it:
# lsof /proc/xpp COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME bash 2741 root cwd DIR 0,3 0 4026532684 /proc/xpp
Move that process from that directory, or close the file it uses from under /proc/xpp and reload the dahdi / xpp drivers.
4.5.2. Bad Firmware Version
-
An Astribank finishes initialization quickly, the /proc/XBUS-nn directory has no XPD-mm subdirectories.
-
Error in the kernel logs about:
NOTICE-xpp: XBUS-00: XPD at 00: type=6.0 has bad firmware revision 2.6
This is normally caused by an Astribank with an older firmware connected to a
The protocol version supported by the firmware will typically be the same one as in the device initialization scripts installed to /usr/share/dahdi . Hence if this version installed /usr/share/dahdi/init_card_3_29 it will probably include firmware of protocol version 29.
Reset the firmware:
/usr/share/dahdi/xpp_fxloader reset
Or disconnect the Astribank from the power and reocnnect. On some older versions of the USB firmware resetting the firmware (or any operation of astribank_tool) would fail if the driver is loaded. Hence you would need to run rmmod xpp_usb . In the end, reload the drivers.
4.5.3. USB Errors at Shutdown
You see USB-related errors similar to the following whenever you shut down the drivers of the Astribank or disconnect its drivers:
ERR-xpp_usb: XBUS-00: Failed to submit a receive urb
This is a normal part of the shutdown of the USB connection.
Ignore them. Unless the USB should not have disconnected at that time.
4.5.4. BRI Layer 1 Down
With the BRI module only, and not in the middle of an active call, you notice that suddenly the line goes down. The LED of the port stops blinking, layer1 not listed as "active" in the bri_info file in /proc/xpp, and the span is in RED alarm in DAHDI.
You may also see an error message such as:
NOTICE-xpd_bri: XBUS-00/XPD-02: D-Chan RX Bad checksum: [2A:01=FC] (252)
from the exact time of the disconnecting.
This is expected with most european BRI PtMP providers. If they support PtMP, they are normally also expected to support ISDN phones, that get the power from the provider. And thus they shut down the line whenever there’s no active call.
Sometimes the line is shut down in the middle of a layer 2 message. In the BRI driver the HDLC decoding/encoding is done in the card. In that case we may get the above error.
Normaly this is not a problem. The driver will re-establish a connection once a new call needs to be made.
4.5.5. Astribank in lsusb but not in dahdi_hardware
You fail to find an Astribank device in the output of lsusb . But you see it in lsusb | grep e4e4
The perl module Dahdi::Hardware currently relies on /proc/bus/usb/devices (from usbfs) whereas lsusb can use either that or /dev/bus/usb .
Usbfs is generally deprecated and some distributions (OpenSUSE, Ubuntu) no longer mount it by default. Try:
mount /proc/bus/usb
and if that doesn’t work:
mount -t usbfs usbfs /proc/bus/usbfs
However this is generally a cosmetic issue that only affects the listing in dahdi_hardware.
4.5.6. Astribank not initialized: Premature packet end
After upgrading to Zaptel 1.4.12 / 1.2.25 the initialization of the Astribank times out. In the logs you see:
kernel: NOTICE-xpp: XBUS-00(00): FIRMWARE: ERROR_CODE CODE = 0x3 (Premature packet end)
When an Astribank is detected, the driver asks it what is its version and what components it has. Normally if the version of the firmware and of the driver does not match the driver gives an ugly message and fails the initialization.
However in the change of the protocol between versions 2.9 (29) and 3.0 (30), the response that the new driver receives from a device with the old version is now considered to be an illegal packet and gets discarded. As a result, the Astribank waits till time-out for the initialization to end.
Reset the firmware of the Astribank by either:
/usr/share/dahdi/xpp_fxloader reset
or disconnecting it from the power and reconnecting it.
5. Reference
5.1. LEDs Indication
The Astribank has 4 global indication leds and one or two per-port leds. On some of the models the LEDs are located on the left side on the front panel. If there are no separate LEDs there, then the red LEDs of the upper left-most ports of the device are used as the indication LEDs. Don’t confuse them with green port status LEDs.
The first led is the "Power" led. It is on if the unit gets power. The second led is the "Active" led, which is on when there is at least one "active" port (in a call / off-hook, though the meaning of this is different in BRI). The last led is called "Hardware OK", but is actually only is on in case of the hardware failure.
The third led is the "Sync" led. If it blinks, the device is synchronized with the driver on the computer. If the device is selected to be the synchronization source for all of the Astribank devices then it will blink a quick single blink. If the device gets synchronization from the driver, it will blink in a more steady frequency.
"Double blink" indicates that the unit has an FXO module, and still is getting synchronization from the computer, and is not the synchronization source.
The per-port green led on analog (both FXS and FXO) indicates that the port is off-hook.
On the BRI, the green led indicates a TE port whereas an orange led indicates an NT port. If the led is solid, the port is down (not even layer-1 connection is up). If it is blinking a double blink, layer 1 is up. A slower single blinking indicates that layer 2 is up as well (which means that Asterisk is driving the port).
As for the leds of the PRI ports, see the next section.
5.2. PRI Ports Configuration
Astribank PRI module has two RJ-45 sockets for each PRI port. The lower socket provides typical PRI CPE side wiring: Rx- pins 1,2; Tx - pins 4,5. The upper socket provides typical PRI Network side wiring: Rx- pins 4,5; Tx - pins 1,2. The both sockets are permanently active and you can use any of them regardless of any configuration parameters (Both connectors are live. And connecting both of them with a flat 8-wire ethernet cable is a simple way to do a loop test for the port).
Each port in the PRI module can be configured either as E1 or T1. The default is E1, but it can be changed in xpp.conf (See the section above).
In addition to that, a port defaults to consider itself a CPE, or rather, to accept timing from the remote party. To override that you need to set the timing value to 0 (second parameter in the span= line in system.conf).
Thus the following in system.conf will also set an orange LED:
span=2,0,3,ccs,hdb3,crc4
Note that as this is only applied when dahdi_cfg is run, the port will have the default green LED lit at the bottom until it is configured.
5.3. Voicemail Indication
Asterisk supports several forms of voicemail message waiting indication (VMWI) on a phone connected to a FXS port. One of them is a stutter tone sent when the phone is picked up. Another one is an FSK tone that encodes the number of messages waiting (or 0, for none). Alternatively it may send an ioctl call on the channel (DAHDI_VMWI) to indicate the VMWI status on the channel.
The DAHDI FXS device may implement any of extra three VMWI notification methods. The Astribank currently only supports one of them (AC neon LED). With Asterisk, as of 1.6.2 you can enable that using the following line in the channel’s config in chan_dahdi.conf:
mwisendtype = neon
Versions of Asterisk before 1.6.0 did not support this ioctl. You will need to reset the module parameter vmwi_ioctl.
5.4. Device Startup
This section describes in great depth the initialization of the Xorcom Astribank. Normally it would not be really needed, as the standard installation of DAHDI should put everything in place. This is generally some documentation to read when things fail.
5.4.1. Terminology
There are some technical terms that are used in this document and in the driver / dahdi.
- span
-
DAHDI breaks the channels it knows about to logical units called "spans". A port in a E1/T1/ISDN card is usually a span. An whole analog card is also a "span". You can see the list of spans as the list of files under /proc/dahdi directory or in output of the dahdi_tool utility.
- XBUS
-
A funny way to call an Astribank device.
- XPD
-
Basically this is a logical unit of the Astribank. It will be registered in DAHDI as a single span. This can be either an analog (FXS or FXO) module or a single port in case of a BRI module.
5.4.2. Loading Firmware
Normally this is done using the script /usr/share/dahdi/xpp_fxloader. If it works fine, you don’t need to bother reading this section. Once the firmware is loaded the USB Vendor ID and Product ID of the Astribank became to be e4e4 11x2, and now the driver can pick it up.
First and foremost: the simplest and most useful tool to debug problems is lsusb. The output of lsusb should show you if the device is connected if its firmware is loaded.
The firmware files are named *.hex. They are presented in the Intel hex format. The files are copied from xpp/utils to /usr/share/dahdi folder during the DAHDI installation.
The Astribank needs a firmware loaded into it. Without the firmware, the device will appear in lsusb with Vendor ID e4e4 and Product ID 11x0 (1130, 1140, 1150, 1160 or 1163. 1163 behaves almost exactly as 1160). The firmware loading process consists of two stages. In the first stage the "USB" firmware is loaded by using program fxload. When the first stage is completed the Vendor ID is e4e4 and the Product ID is 11x1. (e.g. 1151 if it were 1150 previously).
You can use the following command in order to load the "USB" firmware manually:
fxload -t fx2 -D /dev/bus/usb/MMM/NNN -I /usr/share/dahdi/USB_FW.hex
where,
- fxload
-
A standard program that is typically part either of package fxload or hotplug-utils .
- /dev/bus/usb
-
On some old systems it is missing . /proc/bus/usb (usbfs) could be used instead.
- MMM
-
the first number (bus number)
- NNN
-
the second number (device number) you see for the device in lsusb
If the loading process has been completed successfully, the device disconnects and then connects again itself with USB Product ID 11x1 (and a new device number).
In the second stage, the "FPGA" firmware is loaded. The second-stage firmware loading is performed by using program astribank_hexload and astribank_tool, which are built in the directory xpp/utils and then copied to folder /usr/sbin during DAHDI installation.
The command syntax is similar to the syntax of fxload. You can use the following command in order to load the FPGA firmware manually:
# pick the right name according to the device ID. FPGA_1161.hex is for # 116x Astribanks: astribank_hexload -D /dev/bus/usb/MMM/NNN -F /usr/share/dahdi/FPGA_1161.hex # If the device has an echo canceller unit (If the unit is BRI/E1, you # need to add an extra -A to the command-line after the -O) #astribank_hexload -D /dev/bus/usb/MMM/NNN -O /usr/share/dahdi/OCT6104E-256D.ima # Note the shell expantion in this line: astribank_hexload -D /dev/bus/usb/MMM/NNN -p /usr/share/dahdi/PIC_TYPE_[1-4].hex # reenumerate (disconnect and reconnect) astribank_tool -D /dev/bus/usb/MMM/NNN -n
Please note, that NNN value differs from that that was used for the fxload command due to the fact that device has "reconnected" itself with another Product ID number. So you need to run lsusb again and get the new NNN value. Usually, the new value is equal to the old value incremented by 1.
On newer systems (e.g. Centos 4) /dev/bus/usb may not be available. In that case, use /proc/bus/usb . usbfs should be mounted there.
5.4.3. Automatic Firmware Loading
Udev is a framework for dynamic device nodes, which is supported in kernel 2.6. if your udev rules are properly configured then the firmware should be loaded automatically and you will see product ID 11x2 (e.g.: 1152).
Udev is mostly configured by files under /etc/udev/rules.d . The installer of dahdi-linux installs drivers/dahdi/xpp/xpp.rules into that directory.
This file instructs udev to run /usr/share/dahdi/xpp_fxloader for each time an Astribank connects and needs firmware. When the Astribank loads firmware or when it resets its firmware it "reenumerates" - disconnects and reconnects as a new device.
Below are kernel log messages of an Astribank loading firmware. It firs connects without any firmware (device no. 44). Udev tells it to load the USB firmware. It disconnects and reconnects (45). This Udev gets the FPGA firmware loaded into it. It disconnects again, and when it reconnects it is now ready to talk with the driver. The last message is from the driver.
usb 7-1: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice usb 7-1: New USB device found, idVendor=e4e4, idProduct=1150 usb 7-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=0, Product=0, SerialNumber =0 usb 7-1: USB disconnect, address 44 usb 7-1: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 45 usb 7-1: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice usb 7-1: New USB device found, idVendor=e4e4, idProduct=1151 usb 7-1: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3 usb 7-1: Product: Astribank usb 7-1: Manufacturer: Xorcom LTD usb 7-1: SerialNumber: 00000123 usb 7-1: USB disconnect, address 45 usb 7-1: new high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 46 usb 7-1: configuration #1 chosen from 1 choice usb 7-1: reset high speed USB device using ehci_hcd and address 46 INFO-xpp_usb: XUSB: Xorcom LTD -- Astribank -- FPGA
Another useful tool for tracing UDEV-related issue is the udev monitor:
udevadm monitor
Or with some older versions of udev:
udevmonitor
5.4.4. Firmware Loading with Hotplug
Hotplug is an obsolete framework for doing some of the things done by udev today. Specifically, handling kernel hotplug events. It is used in systems with kernel < 2.6.13 (e.g. RHEL4 / Centos4 and Debian 3.1). As such DAHDI still installs support for those. However if you package DAHDI for a more recent distribution, you should probably avoid including those obsolete config files.
The relevant files installed under /etc/hotplug/usb and are xpp/xpp_fxloader.usermap and xpp_fxloader (which is a symlink to /usr/share/dahdi/xpp_fxloader). the usermap file has the same format as modules.usbmap in the main kernel modules directory: it is intended to identify a (hotplugged) device.
5.4.5. Loading The Modules
Here is what should happen: In short: you should plug the Astribank device(s) or have them plugged in at the boot time. Then all the modules should be loaded automatically. You will see xpp_usb, xpp, and some xpd_* modules in the modules list (the output of lsmod).
After the module xpp is loaded, you’ll also be able to see the directory /proc/xpp. For any Astribank device discovered, you will see there a directory /proc/xpp/XBUS-n (where n is a number: typically 0). Once a unit have been discovered you’ll see subdirectories: /proc/xpp/XBUS-n/XPD-m (where m may be another number: 0, 1 ,etc).
Now to the ugly details:
The driver of the Astribank is composed of several modules:
- xpp
-
The basic module, that communicates with DAHDI and provides some common services to other modules.
- xpd_fxs
-
FXS modules (analog phones). Module type 1.
- xpd_fxo
-
FXO modules (Analog PSTN lines). Module type 2.
- xpd_bri
-
BRI ("ISDN") modules. Module type 3.
- xpd_pri
-
The module for controlling E1/T1 modules. Module type 4.
- xpd_echo
-
The module for controlling hardware echo canceller modules. Module type 5. Does not generate a span.
- xpp_usb
-
The functionality needed to connect to the USB bus.
All modules depend on xpp, and modprobing them will install xpp as well. However the xpd_* modules are installed on-demand: no need to load xpd_fxs if you have only Astribank FXS.
Once an Astribank device connected and the firmware is loaded, the Vendor-ID/Product-ID of the device will be e4e4/11x2 . The handler for that combination is listed as the kernel module xpp_usb. Therefore, the system runs modprobe xpp_usb if that module is not already loaded.
The module xpp_usb depends on the dahdi and xpp modules. Both of them are loaded before xpp_usb. As usual, parameters and rules form /etc/modprobe.conf and/or from /etc/modprobe.d/* will be applied to the module.
When command modprobe xpp_usb returns, the span type specific modules (e.g., xpd_fxs, xpd_fxo) may or may not have been loaded yet.
At this point the xpp driver "asks" the box about its software (firmware) version) and the type of telephony modules it has. According to the answers it receives, the xpp driver will "modprobe" the required xpd_* modules.
When an Astribank connects, it tells the driver what ports it has. For instance, a system with 8BRI (=type 3) ports and 3 modules of 8FXS (=type 1) ports:
INFO-xpp: XBUS-00: DESCRIPTOR: 4 cards, protocol revision 30 INFO-xpp: XBUS-00: CARD 0 type=3.0 ports=8 (2x4), port-dir=0xCC INFO-xpp: XBUS-00: CARD 1 type=1.0 ports=8 (8x1), port-dir=0xFF INFO-xpp: XBUS-00: CARD 2 type=1.0 ports=8 (8x1), port-dir=0xFF INFO-xpp: XBUS-00: CARD 3 type=1.0 ports=8 (8x1), port-dir=0xFF
If dahdi, xpp or xpp_usb is missing or defective, you’ll get relatively clear error messages. However if an xpd_* module fails to load (e.g.: because it is missing), the error is less intuitive:
NOTICE-xpp: xproto_get: Failed to load module for type=3. exit status=256. NOTICE-xpp: XBUS-00: CARD 0: missing protocol table for type 3. Ignored.
In this case it was because I maliciously removed the module xpd_bri (type 3) from the system.
This can also happen if you accidentally blacklist the relevant xpd-* module. blacklist some_module in modprobe.conf or modprobe.d/.conf means that a direct insmod or modprobe of their name will work, but any attempt to load a module through its aliases will fail. Recall that the cpd- modules are loaded on-demand using the alias xpd-type-N .
5.4.6. Device Initializations Scripts
The chips in the device need to be initialized. This requires sending a bunch of values to certain registers in those chips. We decided that hardwiring those values in the driver code is not a good idea. Before registering a XPD as a span in DAHDI, we run an initialization script: /usr/share/dahdi/init_card_N_MM where,
-
N is telephony module type: 1 for an FXS span and 2 for an FXO span, 3 for BRI and 4 for PRI.
-
MM - is a version number. Currently it equals 30.
Those scripts must be executable. If they are not, the initiallization will do nothing but will give no error, and the device will work in an unexpected way, if at all.
If because of some reasons this fails (the script is not in the place, or the running it produced an error), then you will get an error message in the logs and the XPD will then be removed (you won’t see directory for that XPD under the corresponding /proc/xpp/XBUS-* directory) and will not be registered with DAHDI.
As the XPD is initialized, you’ll see the green LEDs of the ports steadily turn on and later off ("a train of lights"). This is a bit slower than the faster "blinking" when the XPDs register as DAHDI spans. The initialization of an FXS XPD may take a few seconds.
5.4.7. Connect / Disconnect Hook
When the Astribank has finished initialization it also notifies userspace applications. This can be used to run a custom command when an Astribank is connected (after it has finished initialization) or when it has disconnected. The hook script is installed by default to /usr/share/dahdi/astribank_hook .
5.4.8. Registering in DAHDI
The XPDs will not automatically register as DAHDI spans. This is intended to allow you to set the registration order (and hence the order of DAHDI spans and channels) among multiple Astribank devices, or between an Astribank and a different DAHDI device.
When the XPD registers with DAHDI, all the green LEDs will be lit for a short while.
Spans are normally registered with the utility dahdi_registration. Simply running dahdi_registration shows the available XPDs and whether or not they are registered. To register:
dahdi_registration on
For a system with several spans you’ll see a "fast train of lights".
If you have multiple Astribank devices, dahdi_registration will register them by the ascending order of the USB connector ID. This means that as long as the same Astribank is connected to the same port, the order of plugging is not important.
You can see the USB connector ID in the verbose output of the dahdi_hardware utility when xpp drivers are loaded. See CONNECTOR value in the example below:
# dahdi_hardware -v usb:004/006 xpp_usb+ e4e4:1152 Astribank-multi FPGA-firmware LABEL=[usb:0000148] CONNECTOR=usb-0000:00:03.3-2 XBUS-00/XPD-00: E1_TE Span 1 DAHDI-SYNC XBUS-00/XPD-10: FXS Span 2 XBUS-00/XPD-20: FXS Span 3 usb:004/007 xpp_usb+ e4e4:1152 Astribank-multi FPGA-firmware LABEL=[usb:0000150] CONNECTOR=usb-0000:00:03.3-6 XBUS-01/XPD-00: FXS Span 4 XBUS-01/XPD-10: FXO Span 5
If you have multiple Astribank devices, dahdi_registration will register them by the order of the "connector" field. This means that as long as the same Astribank is connected to the same port, the order of plugging is not important. Alternatively you can set an explicit registration order using /etc/dahdi/xpp_order . See above in section about xpp_order.
The registration is performed through the sysfs interface. See below the span attribute. Also note that dahdi_registration also allows you to unregister spans, which will work for all spans that are not in use (That is: none of their channels is in use).
By default, the Astribank drivers don’t perform automatic span registration on DAHDI. It is in contrast to the all known drivers of PCI boards. Because of that, DAHDI channels related to the PCI board spans will get lower numbers than the channels related to Astribank devices.
You may choose to register the XPDs with DAHDI automatically. This may make the startup sequence a bit simpler, but is generally not recommended on a system with more than one Astribank or an Astribank and a different DAHDI device. This behavior may be defined by setting parameter [_dahdi_autoreg] in the modprobe configuration file (A file under /etc/modprobe.d or /etc/modprobe.conf):
options xpp dahdi_autoreg=1
5.4.9. Astribanks Synchronization Source
If there is more than one Astribank on the system, all the Astribanks keep their clock in sync. Optionally the Astribanks can synchronize their clock to the master DAHDI device (in case it is a different DAHDI device). Normally you just use the default init.d script or run explicitly:
xpp_sync auto
(For now see the man page of xpp_sync for more information)
5.4.10. DAHDI And Above
From here you get a standard DAHDI span. The next step is to configure the span by running the dahdi_cfg utility. You would also need to configure the channels in the Asterisk chan_dahdi.conf file. Only after that you will be able to make calls through the telephony ports.
You can use dahdi_genconf, which is included with dahdi-tools, to generate a DAHDI and Asterisk configuration for your system. For analog channels it works quite well, and likewise for BRI. For E1/T1 it will probably take some tuning.
Please refer to the general DAHDI documentation for more deatils about DAHDI and Asterisk configuration. E.g, the README file in the top-level directory, and
http://voip-info.org/wiki/view/Asterisk+config+chan_dahdi.conf[]
Alternatively, write you own configuration, based on the sample from the "Sample Configurations" section.
5.5. /proc Interface
The Astribank drivers provide their own /proc interface under /proc/xpp. Here we review the more useful details of the procfs interface. There are many other debugging details that are exposed through the procfs interface.
Also note that those details are subject to changes. Generally the recommended stable interface are the DAHDI-perl modules and utilities from the xpp/ directory.
5.5.1. /proc/xpp/xbuses
File /proc/xpp/xbuses lists the connected Astribank devices (one line per device).
A device is normally has status "connected". The status "missing" means that the device has been disconnected, but Asterisk still holds channels from it open.
For each Astribank device there is folder /proc/xpp/XBUS-nn and for each device module (span in the terms of DAHDI) there is folder /proc/XBUS-nn/XPD-mm.
5.5.2. /proc/xpp/XBUS-nn/XPD-mm/summary
Contains detailed information about port statuses of the device module (off-hook, on-hook etc.) For example, you can run the following command in order to monitor the port statuses in the real time:
watch -n1 cat /proc/xpp/XBUS-00/XPD-00/summary
5.5.3. /proc/xpp/XBUS-nn/XPD-mm/fxo_info
Only for FXO modules. Apart from showing the status of the LEDs, it also shows for each FXO port if it is connected to a provider: look for the value of "battery" for that specific port, and a bunch of other characteristics of the port.
5.5.4. /proc/xpp/XBUS-nn/XPD-mm/bri_info
In addition to the usual information about the LEDs, this file also provides useful information regarding ISDN Layer 1 and Layer 2 status. For example, you can run the following command in order to monitor the Layer 1 port statuses for all BRI devices in the real time:
watch -n1 -d 'grep "Layer 1:" /proc/xpp/XBUS-*/XPD-*/bri_info'
For the status of the D channel of the ports on all BRI spans, run:
watch -n1 -d 'grep D-Channel: /proc/xpp/XBUS-*/XPD-*/bri_info'
5.5.5. /proc/xpp/XBUS-nn/XPD-mm/pri_info
In addition to the usual information about the LEDs, this file also provides useful information regarding ISDN Layer 1 and Layer 2 status. For example, you can run the following command in order to monitor the Layer 1 port statuses for all E1/T1 devices in the real time:
watch -n1 -d 'grep "Layer 1:" /proc/xpp/XBUS-*/XPD-*/pri_info'
For the status of the D channel of the ports on all PRI spans, run:
watch -n1 -d 'grep D-Channel: /proc/xpp/XBUS-*/XPD-*/pri_info'
Note: the layer 2 status is much more of a guesswork based on changes in the contents of the channel that is supposed to be the D channel.
There are a bunch of other status files under /proc/xpp/.
5.6. /sys Interface
Astribanks on the system and the xpds themselves are also represented in SysFS. SysFS is a virtual file system mounted under /sys and provides information in a more structured way than ProcFS. In sysfs objects are represented as directories, simple attributes are shown as files in the directory of the object and more complex objects are subdirectories or symbolic links to other directories.
As with the procfs interface, we only document some interesting attribuets. Some attributes are writable and hence writing to them without knowing what you do is not exactly wise.
Like the procfs interface, this interface is subject to changes and should not be considered a stable interface. Please use the DAHDI-perl modules and utilities.
5.6.1. Astribanks in SysFS
Each astribank is represented as a device under /sys/bus/astribanks/devices , with the name xbus-NN, where NN is its two-digit number (e.g.: 00, 01).
/sys/bus/astribanks/devices/xbus-NN/cls
CLear Statistics: writing to this file clear the procfs statistics for this Astribank.
/sys/bus/astribanks/devices/xbus-NN/connector
Connector string for the device. The place to which the Astribank is connected. e.g: usb-0000:00:03.3-2
/sys/bus/astribanks/devices/xbus-NN/label
The label string of the Astribank unit. E.g: usb:00000135
/sys/bus/astribanks/devices/xbus-NN/status
connected (normal operation) or disconnected (has been disconnected, some channels are still open).
/sys/bus/astribanks/devices/xbus-NN/timing
Provides some statistics in case the Astribank is not the sync source. The format of this file is subject to future changes.
/sys/bus/astribanks/devices/xbus-NN/waitfor_xpds
Reading from this file only returns when the Astribank has finished initialization of the XPDs or in case of a timeout. It prints the number of XPDs to initialize, and the number initialize. Unless something went wrong, those two numbers are the same. Once the span was initialized, reading from this file returns immediately:
XPDS_READY: XBUS-00: 3/3
/sys/bus/astribanks/devices/xbus-NN/xbus_state
Reading from it prints the name and number of the state of the Astribank. This file is also writable: you can write either stop to disconnect the specific Astribank, or start to reconnect it.
/sys/bus/astribanks/drivers/xppdrv/sync
(An attribute of the generic Astribanks driver)
The synchronization source. Normally the number of the astribank that is the synchronization master, or SYNC=DAHDI if Astribanks are synchronized from a different DAHDI device. Normally you should just use xpp_sync, though.
Current possible writable values:
- <number>
-
Make the Astribank XBUS-<number> the sync source for other Astribanks.
- DAHDI
-
Make the Astribanks synchronize with the DAHDI timing master span. You probably need this to get faxes from a non-Astribank adapter to an Astribank.
5.6.2. XPDs in SysFS
Under the Astribank you’ll find a subdirectory for each of its XPDs ("spans"). The name of the directory is composed of three numbers:
<astribank>:<module>:<subunit>
- astribank
-
Two-digit name of the Astribank in which this XPD is in. If it is xbus-03, you will see there 03.
- module
-
The number of the Astribank module: from 0 (left-most) to 3 (right-most).
- subunit
-
In a module that has several spans: the number of the span. In practice this is only for BRI and PRI and hence the module number will always be 0 in this case.
The two-digit number of the XPD in the procfs interface is in fact <module><subunit>.
Under this you see several attributes.
/sys/bus/astribanks/devices/xbus-NN/NN:M:P/blink
You can write here a number which will be considered to be a bitmask of the ports that should blink (0 - no blinking). Reading from here shows that bitmask. If you think that this is complicated, just use xpp_blink.
/sys/bus/astribanks/devices/xbus-NN/NN:M:P/chipregs
Provides direct read/write interface to the registers of each chip. Reading from the file shows the result of the last read request. To make either a read request or a write request you need to write to that file.
It is mainly used by the initialization scripts (init_card_*).
Incorrect usage of this file is one possible way of damaging the Astribank.
/sys/bus/astribanks/devices/xbus-NN/NN:M:P/fxo_battery
(Only on FXO) - shows ports that have (+) or don’t have (-) battery current. That is: which ones are connected to an active FXS on the other side.
current. That is: which ones are connected to an active FXS on the other side.
/sys/bus/astribanks/devices/xbus-NN/NN:M:P/offhook
Shows ports that are (1) or are not (0) off-hook. When a channel is not off-hook. For BRI and E1/T1 the value is 1 if the span is in use. This value can also be used to get the number of lines (channels) in this XPD: the count of items in this list.
/sys/bus/astribanks/devices/xbus-NN/NN:M:P/span
is a read/write file. Reading from it gives 0 if the span is unregistered, or the span number if it is registered.
Writing to it allows manual registration / unregistration from DAHDI: writing 1 registers a span (if it wasn’t already registered) and writing 0 attempts to unregister it (if it is registered. Span unregistration will fail if some channels from the span are used (e.g: by Asterisk).
A more convenient interface to this is the command dahdi_registration that registers or unregisters all the spans at once with a predefined order, and this is what you should normally use.
Alternatively you can use the parameter dahdi_autoreg to register spans automatically. But this is only recommended on a system with a single Astribank and no other DAHDI device.
/sys/bus/astribanks/devices/xbus-NN/NN:M:P/driver
This is a standard sysfs feature: from the directory of the device you have a link called "driver" to the directory of the driver that handles it. One specific interesting thing is that this allows you to easily see all the XPDs of the same type, as they are linked again from the driver’s directory.
/sys/bus/astribanks/devices/xbus-NN/NN:M:P/pri_protocol
Can have either of those two:
- E1
-
Provides 31 channels, of which channel 16 is normally the D-channel. Common in places outside of North America and Japan. This is the default setup.
- T1
-
T1 provides 24 channels. The last one is normally the D-Channel. Common in North America.
This can also be set by writing the strings explicitly to the file. But can only be done when an XPD is not a registered span.
This writing is normally done by the device initialization script, based on the pri_protocol settings in /etc/dahdi/xpp.conf .
5.7. Useful Module Parameters
Compilation-time defaults for the all modules can be shown as part of the description line for the parameter in the "modinfo" command output.
5.7.1. dahdi_autoreg
(xpp)
Register spans automatically (1) or not (0). Default: 0. Setting it simplifies operations with a single Astribank and no other DAHDI hardware. However if you have such systems, automatic registration can cause the order of spans to be unpredictable. The standard startup scripts use dahdi_registration on instead of this.
5.7.2. initdir
(xpp)
This is the directory containing the initialization scripts. The default is /usr/share/dahdi . Setting this value could be useful if that location is inconvenient for you.
5.7.3. rx_tasklet
(xpp)
Enable (1) or disable (0) doing most of the packets processing in separate tasklets. This should probably help on higher-end systems with multiple Astribanks.
5.7.4. debug
(all modules)
It will make the driver to print tons of debugging messages. You can set/unset the parameter at run-time. The parameter value is a bitmask of several values. The different bits meaning as it defined in xpp/dahdi_debug.h:
-
0 - Disable debug messages
-
1 - GENERAL - General debug comments.
-
2 - PCM - PCM-related messages. Tends to flood logs.
-
4 - LEDS - Anything related to the LEDs status control. The driver produces a lot of messages when the option is enabled.
-
8 - SYNC - Synchronization related messages.
-
16 - SIGNAL - DAHDI signalling related messages.
-
32 - PROC - Messages related to the procfs interface.
-
64 - REGS - Reading and writing to chip registers. Tends to flood logs.
-
128 - DEVICES - Device instantiation, destruction and such.
-
256 - COMMANDS - Protocol commands. Tends to flood logs.
For example,
echo 33 >/sys/modules/xpp/parameters/debug
forces module xpp to print general debugging messages (1) and procfs debugging messages (32).
5.7.5. vmwi_ioctl
(xpd_fxs)
Does userspace support VMWI notification via ioctl? Default: 1 (yes).
Disable this (0) to have the driver attempt to detect the voicemail message waiting indication status for this port from FSK messages userspace (Asterisk) sends. Set the ports to use AC neon-lamp style message waiting indication. The detection from the FSK messages takes extra CPU cycles but is required with e.g. Asterisk 1.4.x .
Also note that in order for this parameter to take effect, it must be set before the span is registered. This practically means that it should be set through modprobe.d files.
See also Voicemail Indication.
5.7.6. usb1
(xpp_usb)
Enable (1) or disable (0) support of USB1 devices. Disabled by default.
USB1 devices are not well-tested. It seems that they don’t work at all for Astribank BRI. Generally they should work with the current code, but we expect the voice quality issues. Hence we would like to make it very clear that you if you have a USB1 port (rather than a USB2 one, as recommended) you will have to take an action to enable the device.
5.7.7. poll intervals
(various)
There are various values which the driver occasionally polls the device for. For instance, the parameter poll_battery_interval for xpd_fxo to poll the battery, in order to know if the telco line is actually connected.
The value of those parameters is typically a number in milliseconds. 0 is used to disable polling. Under normal operation there should be no reason to play with those parameters.
5.7.8. dtmf_detection
(xpd_fxs)
Enable (1) or disable (0) support of hardware DTMF detection by the Astribank.
5.7.9. caller_id_style
(xpd_fxo)
Various types of caller ID signalling styles require knowing the PCM even when the line is on-hook (which is usually a waste of CPU and bandwidth). This parameter allows fine-tuning the behaviour here:
-
0 (default) - Don’t pass extra PCM when on-hook.
-
1 ETSI-FSK: Wait for polarity reversal to come before a ring and then start passing PCM until the caller ID has been passed.
-
2 Always: Always pass PCM.
This parameter is read-only. It cannot be changed at run-time.
5.7.10. battery_threshold
(xpd_fxo)
Minimum voltage that shows there is battery. Defaults to 3. Normally you should not need to change this, unless dealing with a funky PSTN provider.
5.7.11. battery_debounce
(xpd_fxo)
Minimum interval (msec) for detection of battery off (as opposed to e.g. a temporary power denial to signal a hangup). Defaults to 1000. As with battery_threshold above, there’s normally no need to tweak it.
Note
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XPP here does not stand for X Printing Panel, XML Pull Parser, X-Windows Phase Plane or XML Professional Publisher. It is simply the Xorcom Peripheral Protocol, which connects a computer to a XPD (Xorcom Peripheral Device). An XBUS (originally XPP Bus) is actually a single Astribank device and the XPDs have become the single modules in it. |